Gaye Tuchman: Symbolic annihilation of women"largely ignoring women or portraying them in stereotypical roles of victims and/or consumer, the mass media symolically annihilate women"Source: Book Lane Crothers, Charles Lockheart, "Culture ans Politics: A Reader"David Gauntlett: Gender representations in the mediaLaura Mulvey: Male Gaze"Mainstream film satisfies especially the male spectator by projecting his desires on the screen. Women are regarded as objects of fetishistic display for male viewer's pleasure"
Source: Book, Carolina Hein, "Laura Mulvey, Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema"Judith Butler: Gender and Sex"When the relevant "culture" that "constructs" gender is understod in terms of such a law or set of laws, then it seems that gender is determined and fixed as it was under the biology-is-destiny formulation"Source: Book, Judith Butler, "Gender Trouble: Feminism and subversion of identity"Stuart Hall: Marxist theorist/Cultural Representations"the media appear to reflect reality whilst in fact they construct it."
"In a key paper, 'Encoding/Decoding', Stuart Hall (1980), argued that the dominant ideology is typically inscribed as the 'preferred reading' in a media text, but that this is not automatically adopted by readers"
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/marxism/marxism11.htmlAntonio Gramsci: Hegemony
"The term hergemony has come to be synonimous with the idea of domination of one group over another"Gramsci at the margins: subjectvitity and subalternity in a theory of hergemony by Kyle Smith, 2010, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/research/gramsci-journal/articles/6-Smith-Eng.pdf"Hergemony is a more sensitive and therefore a more useful critical term that "domination" which fails to acknowledge the active role of subordinate people in the operation of power"
Antonio Gramsci By Steve Jones, 2006, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PULFz85FDMYC&dq=antonio+gramsci+hegemony&source=gbs_navlinks_s Anthony Giddens: Structuration"Structuration theory: the concepts of "structure", "system" and "duality of sturcture"".
"the basic domain of...social sciences...is neither the experience of the actor nor the existance of any form of societial totality"
"Human actitvities are recursive...They are not brought into being by social actors but continually recreated by themselves as actors."
The constitution of society: outline of the theory of structuration By Anthony Giddens, http://www.s-as-p.org/files_workshop/lausanne_whittington.pdfManuel Alvarado
"Television is... the most rewarding medium to use when teaching representations of class because of the contradictions which involve a mass medium attempting to reach all the parts of its class-differentiated audience simultaneously... Its representations of class can perhaps best be approached by teaching how class relations are represented and mediated within different TV genres and forms" (Alvarado et al. 1987: 153)
"Four Key Themes in Racial Representations: exotic, dangerous, humorous, pitied" (Alvarado et al. 1987: 153)
Source: http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Modules/MC30820/represent.html
Nick Lacey: Media Concepts and semiotics
"At the heart of semiotics is the study of language and how it is the dominant influence shaping human beings' perception of and thoughts about the world."
Image and representation: key concepts in media studies By Nick Lacey
Richard Dyer: Representations of gay people in our culture
Marshall McLuhan: "The Medium is the message" and "globall village"
"If the work of the city is the remaking or translating of man into a more suitable form than his nomadic ancestors achieved, then might not our current translation of our entire lives into the spiritual form of information seem to make of the entire globe, and of the human family, a single consciousness?"
"To the mind of the modern girl, legs, like busts, are power points, which she has been taught to tailor, but as parts of the success kit rather than erotically or sensuously. She swings her legs from the hip . . . she knows that a "long-legged girl can go places." As such, her legs are not intimately associated with her taste or with her unique self but are merely display objects like the grille on a car. They are date-bated power levers for the management of the male audience"
Todd Kappelman, "Marshall McLuhan: "The Medium is the Message"", http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/mcluhan.html#text7
Theodor Adorno
"NEGATIVE DIALECTICS: Adorno believes that the standard mode of human understanding is identity thinking, which means that a particular object is understood in terms of a universal concept. The meaning of an object is grasped when it has been categorized, subsumed under a general concept heading. In opposition to identity thinking, Adorno posits negative dialectics, or non-identity thinking. He seeks to reveal the falseness of claims of identity thinking by enacting a critical consciousness which perceives that a concept cannot identify its true object."
"CRITICAL THEORY: Critical theory is based on the understanding of society as a dialectical entity, and the conviction that "teaching about society can only be developed in the most tightly integrated connection of disciplines; above all, economics, psychology, history and philosophy" (O'Connor 7)."
"AESTHETIC THEORY: Adorno asserts the "priority of the object in art," or what is called a materialist aesthetic, in contrast to the idealist aesthetic of Kant which privileges the subject over the object (Jarvis 99)."
http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Adorno.html
